Victor emmanuel al 2 biography

Charles, Duke of Courland 5. Maria Christina of Saxony Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Maria Louisa of Spain 3. Maria Theresa of Austria Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 7. Luisa of Naples and Sicily Maria Carolina of Austria. See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War. Scarecrow Press. ISBN Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata.

Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri.

Victor emmanuel al 2 biography

Eredi Botta. Stamperia Granducale. Retrieved 25 June Riddere af Elefantordenen, — in Danish. Syddansk Universitetsforlag. Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 28 February Retrieved 2 December Sources [ edit ]. In Italian [ edit ]. External links [ edit ]. Charles Albert. Himself as King of Italy. Umberto I.

Princes of Savoy. Charles Albert I of Sardinia. Kings of Sardinia. Kings of Italy between and In , Victor Emmanuel also fiercely suppressed a revolt in Genoa , defining the rebels as a "vile and infected race of canailles. This turned out to be a wise choice, since Cavour was a political mastermind and a major player in the Italian unification in his own right.

Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the " Risorgimento ", the Italian unification movement of the s and early 60s. He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms. Cavour was reluctant to go to war due to the power of Russia at the time and the expense of doing so.

Victor Emmanuel, however, was convinced of the rewards to be gained from the alliance created with Britain and, more importantly, France. After successfully seeking British support and ingratiating himself with France and Napoleon III at the Congress of Paris in at the end of the war, Count Cavour arranged a secret meeting with the French emperor.

The Italo-French campaign against Austria in started successfully. However, sickened by the casualties of the war and worried about the mobilisation of Prussian troops, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty with Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont would only gain Lombardy. France did not as a result receive the promised Nice and Savoy, but Austria did keep Venetia , a major setback for the Piedmontese, in no small part because the treaty had been prepared without their knowledge.

After several quarrels about the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king had to find other advisors. France indeed only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed in March , after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and a deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to take place in the Central Italian Duchies.

His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church until , when it was lifted just before his death. Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi 's Expedition of the Thousand — , which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. However, the king halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States , as it was under French protection.

Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo over the Papal forces. By this agreement Sardinia received Lombardy, but Austria retained Venetia. Subsequent events proved that in this instance Victor Emmanuel was right and Cavour wrong. Time and diplomacy won for the King what continued fighting without the aid of France might have lost irrevocably.

To prevent the reinstatement of the petty princes of Central Italy, Victor Emmanuel maintained contact with the revolutionaries. When Garibaldi took the bold step of invading Sicily, the King aided him secretly. Garibaldi's startling success in Sicily and his subsequent victories on the mainland raised the hopes of Italian liberals and made Victor Emmanuel's ultimate success easier.

The King decided to participate in the conquest of Naples and marched south through the Romagna. Its people greeted him with cheers, joyfully agreeing to the annexation of their entire province to his kingdom. On Oct. Venetia was added to the new kingdom in through an alliance with Prussia against Austria, but complete unification of the peninsula could not be achieved as long as Rome remained in the hands of the Pope.

A French garrison stood between Victor Emmanuel and this final conquest. Napoleon III , needing the support of the clergy, did not wish to abandon the Pope, although he had been Victor Emmanuel's ally in the expulsion of Austria from northern Italy. But this last bulwark of the papal territories was withdrawn in , when—under the threat of total defeat by Prussia—Napoleon ordered his soldiers out of Rome.

On Sept. The Pope, who had lost the last vestiges of his temporal power although the Vatican and his freedom were guaranteed to him, refused to recognize the new kingdom, and Victor Emmanuel died on Jan. Last king of Sardinia and first king of Italy; b. Turin, March 14, ; d. Rome, Jan. Educated in the military tradition of the house of Savoy and in the devout atmosphere of the Piedmontese court, he retained throughout life the bluff manners of the soldier and a sincere if superficial religious faith, coupled with serious shortcomings in his private life.

A shrewd judge of human nature, he chose able men to serve him. His sense of responsibility and duty and his personal bravery helped him to overcome the many crises of his reign and to gain popularity among his people. His public life began when his father, Charles Albert , defeated by the Austrians at Novara, abdicated in his favor March 23, When he refused Austrian demands for a revocation of the liberal constitution granted by Charles Albert in , his courage and determination were acclaimed throughout Italy and won him the soubriquet of "re galantuomo" honest king.

His association with cavour began in Although Victor Emmanuel did not always agree with him, he recognized that Cavour's plan helped to strengthen the monarchy and to transform Piedmont-Sardinia into a modern state. At first much opposed to Cavour's ecclesiastical laws, the King signed them when convinced that they constituted an essential part of Cavour's economic and political reforms.

This caused conflict with Pius IX. As the revolutionary tactics of Mazzini failed, Italian nationalists looked more and more to the house of Savoy for leadership. Victor Emmanuel began playing an active and important role in the movement that resulted in the unification of the peninsula. He persuaded the republican and Mazzinian Garibaldi to support the monarchic cause.

By most of the peninsula had rallied to his side after the Franco-Sardinian victory over Austria , which inspired revolts in the small states in north central Italy. Garibaldi meanwhile had penetrated southern Italy. Victor Emmanuel II esteemed Pius IX highly, and carried on a considerable correspondence with him, unknown to his ministers, in the hope of gaining the Pope's consent to the incorporation of the states of the church into the new Italy, with the pope as governor of the central portion.

Pius IX refused to abdicate his sovereignty. In Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed king of a united Italy with Rome as its capital. This created the roman question, which plagued Vatican-Italian relations until the Lateran Pacts This alliance served him well when his father abdicated in his favour on 23 March , while the war with Austria was raging.

Victor Emmanuel was constrained to sign the Treaty of Milan on 6 August , but remained true to his father's promises and to the dynasty's plans to build a unified and free Italian state. He preserved the Piedmont's constitutional status the Proclamation of Moncalieri in defiance of Austria's demands - even if doing so entailed consenting to Imperial troops occupying part of that region.

He championed freedom, and was nicknamed the re galatuomo gentleman king. He chose his advisors wisely. He appointed one of them, the Count of Cavour, Prime Minister in