Napoleon bonaparte wikipedia romana

In February , Bonaparte took part in the failed French expedition to Sardinia. Following allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that his regime was corrupt and incompetent, the French National Convention outlawed him. In early June, Bonaparte and French troops failed to capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was now controlled by Paoli's supporters.

When Bonaparte learned that the Corsican assembly had condemned him and his family, the Buonapartes fled to Toulon on the French mainland. Bonaparte returned to his regiment in Nice and was made captain of a coastal battery. In September, with the help of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti , Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of the republican forces sent to recapture the port of Toulon which was occupied by Allied forces.

The successful assault on the position on 16—17 December led to the capture of the city. Toulon brought Bonaparte to the attention of powerful men including Augustin Robespierre , the younger brother of Maximilien Robespierre , a leading Jacobin. He was promoted to brigadier general and put in charge of defences on the Mediterranean coast.

In February , he was made artillery commander of the Army of Italy and devised plans to attack the Kingdom of Sardinia. The French army carried out Bonaparte's plan in the Second Battle of Saorgio in April , and then advanced to seize Ormea in the mountains. From Ormea, it headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around Saorge.

After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine the country's intentions towards France. After the Fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July , Bonaparte's association with leading Jacobins made him politically suspect to the new regime. He was arrested on 9 August but released two weeks later.

As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting. In August, he obtained a position with the Bureau of Topography where he worked on military planning. The request was eventually granted, but he never took up the post. On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention.

Bonaparte had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard during the Insurrection of 10 August there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence. He ordered a young cavalry officer, Joachim Murat , to seize cannons and Bonaparte deployed them in key positions. About to 1, rebels died in the uprising. Bonaparte's role in defeating the rebellion earned him and his family the patronage of the new government, the French Directory.

Josephine had been born in the French colonies in the Lesser Antilles , and her family owned slaves on sugar plantations [ 73 ] The couple married on 9 March in a civil ceremony. Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia in Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene.

In a series of victories during the Montenotte campaign , he knocked the Piedmontese out of the war in two weeks. The Austrians launched offensives against the French to break the siege, but Bonaparte defeated every relief effort, winning the Battle of Castiglione , the Battle of Bassano , the Battle of Arcole , and the Battle of Rivoli.

The French then invaded the heartlands of the House of Habsburg. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen in , but Charles withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning of Bonaparte's assault. In their first encounter, Bonaparte pushed Charles back and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning the Battle of Tarvis in March Alarmed by the French thrust that reached Leoben , about km from Vienna, the Austrians sued for peace.

The preliminary peace of Leoben , signed on 18 April, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries , and promised to partition the Republic of Venice with Austria. He authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured , prisoners, cannons, and standards.

The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics. During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and one for circulation in France. This left Barras and his republican allies in control again but more dependent upon Bonaparte who finalized peace terms with Austria by the Treaty of Campo Formio.

After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided that France's naval strength was not yet sufficient to confront the British Royal Navy. He decided on a military expedition to seize Egypt and thereby undermine Britain's access to its trade interests in India. His Egyptian expedition included a group of scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and geodesists among them.

Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured an important naval base with the loss of only three men. Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. This helped the French practise their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids on 21 July, about 24 km 15 mi from the pyramids.

Bonaparte's forces of 25, roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French [ 98 ] and approximately 2, Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the French army's morale. On 1 August , the British fleet under Sir Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two vessels of the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile , preventing Bonaparte from strengthening the French position in the Mediterranean.

Bonaparte led these 13, French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish , Gaza , Jaffa , and Haifa. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and some 1,—5, prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning. Bonaparte began with an army of 13, men. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre , so he marched his army back to Egypt in May.

Bonaparte was alleged to have ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium to speed the retreat. Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs. He learned that France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition. Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return from Egypt with his army to ward off a possible invasion of France, but these messages never arrived.

The Republic, however, was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's desertion but was too weak to punish him. The constitution also established a Legislative Body and Tribunate which were selected from indirectly elected candidates, and a Senate and Council of State which were effectively nominated by the executive.

The new constitution was approved by plebiscite on 7 February The official count was over three million in favour and 1, against. Lucien, however, had doubled the count of the "yes" vote to give the false impression that a majority of those eligible to vote had approved the constitution. Historians have variously described Bonaparte's new regime as "dictatorship by plebiscite," [ ] "absolutist rule decked out in the spirit of the age," [ ] and "soft despotism.

Bonaparte believed that the best way to secure his regime was by a victorious peace. After a difficult crossing over the Alps, [ f ] the French captured Milan on 2 June. The Austrian army fled leaving behind 14, casualties. When peace negotiations with Austria stalled, Bonaparte reopened hostilities in November. A French army under General Moreau swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory over the Austrians at Hohenlinden in December.

The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Bonaparte's triumph at Marengo increased his popularity and political authority. However, he still faced royalist plots and feared Jacobin influence, especially in the army. Several assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards Dagger plot in October and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise two months later, gave him a pretext to arrest about suspected Jacobins and royalists, some of whom were shot and many others deported to penal colonies.

Under the treaty, Britain agreed to withdraw from most of the colonies it had recently captured from France and her allies, and France agreed to evacuate Naples. In April, Bonaparte publicly celebrated the peace and his controversial Concordat of with Pope Pius VII under which the Pope recognized Bonaparte's regime and the regime recognized Catholicism as the majority religion of France.

With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Bonaparte became increasingly popular, both domestically and abroad. It was the first time his first name was officially used by the regime. France had regained her overseas colonies under Amiens but did not control them all. The French National Convention had voted to abolish slavery in February , but, in May , Bonaparte reintroduced it in all the recovered colonies except Saint-Domingue and Guadeloupe which were under the control of rebel generals.

A French military expedition under Antoine Richepanse regained control of Guadeloupe and slavery was reintroduced there on 16 July. Saint-Domingue was the most profitable of the colonies — a major source of sugar, coffee and indigo — but was under the control of the former slave Toussaint Louverture. Although Toussaint was captured and sent to France in July, the expedition ultimately failed due to high rates of disease and a string of defeats against rebel commander Jean-Jacques Dessalines.

In May , Bonaparte acknowledged defeat, and the last 8, French troops left the island. The former slaves proclaimed the independent republic of Haiti in As war with Britain again loomed in , Bonaparte realized that his American colony of Louisiana would be difficult to defend. The peace with Britain was uneasy. Britain did not evacuate Malta as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his Act of Mediation , which established a new Swiss Confederation.

Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly, as did Bonaparte's occupation of Holland and apparent ambitions in India. Bonaparte responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne and ordering the arrest of every British male between eighteen and sixty years old in France and its dependencies as a prisoner of war.

In February , Bonaparte's police made a series of arrests in relation to a royalist plot to kidnap or assassinate him that involved the British government, Moreau and an unnamed Bourbon prince. On the advice of his foreign minister, Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien , violating the sovereignty of Baden.

The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though there was no proof he had been involved in the plot. Enghien's kidnapping and execution infuriated royalists and monarchs throughout Europe, and drew a formal protest from Russia. Following the royalist plot, Bonaparte's supporters convinced him that creating a hereditary regime would help secure it in case of his death, make it more acceptable to constitutional monarchists, and put it on the same footing as other European monarchies.

The following day, Napoleon appointed 18 of his leading generals Marshals of the Empire. The hereditary empire was confirmed by a plebiscite in June. The official result showed 3. The yes count, however, was falsely inflated by , to , votes. After having been anointed by the pope, Napoleon crowned himself with a replica of Charlemagne's crown.

He then swore an oath to defend the territory of the Republic; to respect the Concordat, freedom of worship, political and civil liberty and the sale of nationalized lands; to raise no taxes except by law; to maintain the Legion of Honour ; and to govern in the interests, wellbeing and the glory of the French people. Austria saw this as a provocation because of its own territorial interests in Italy.

In and , Napoleon had assembled a force around Boulogne for an invasion of Britain. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, Napoleon abandoned his invasion of England and sought to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian ally could arrive in force. On 25 September, , French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of km mi.

Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered most of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon's army, however, moved quickly and outflanked the Austrian positions. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm , Mack surrendered. For just 2, French casualties, Napoleon had captured 60, Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching.

For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by Napoleon's fleet. French forces occupied Vienna in November, capturing , muskets, cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube.

Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Francis I decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. He ordered his right wing to feign retreat, enticing the Allies to descend from the heights in pursuit. The French centre and left wing then captured the heights and caught the allies in a pincer movement.

Thousands of Russian troops fled across a frozen lake to escape the trap and to 2, of them drowned. The disaster at Austerlitz led Austria to seek an armistice. By the subsequent Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December, Austria left the coalition, lost substantial territory to the Kingdom of Italy and Bavaria, and was forced to pay an indemnity of 40 million francs.

Alexander's army was granted safe passage back to Russia. Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought". Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, possibly by forming an alliance with the Ottoman Empire.

He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally". It collapsed in when France and Russia formed an unexpected alliance. After Austerlitz, Napoleon increased his political power in Europe. In , he deposed the Bourbon king of Naples and installed his elder brother, Joseph, on the throne. He then made his younger brother, Louis, King of Holland.

The creation of the confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon's growing influence in Germany threatened the status of Prussia as a great power and in response Frederick William III decided on war with France. Prussia and Russia signed a new military alliance creating the fourth coalition against France. Prussia, however, committed a strategic blunder by declaring war when French troops were still in southern Germany and months before sufficient Russian troops could reach the front.

Napoleon invaded Prussia with , troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards thus cutting the Prussians off from Berlin and the slowly approaching Russians. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt , fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties.

With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which quickly disintegrated. In the following month, the French captured , soldiers and over 2, cannon. Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and fought a bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February The two emperors began peace negotiations on 25 June at the town of Tilsit during a meeting on a raft floating in the middle of the River Niemen which separated the French and Russian troops and their respective spheres of influence.

Napoleon offered Alexander relatively lenient terms—demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia , and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. In contrast, Prussia was treated harshly. It lost half its territory and population and underwent a two-year occupation costing it about 1. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused lasting resentment against France in that country.

The treaty was also unpopular in Russia, putting pressure on Alexander to end the alliance with France. Nevertheless, the Treaties of Tilsit gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over days. After Tilsit, Napoleon turned his attention to Portugal , which was reluctant to strictly enforce the blockade against its traditional ally Britain.

Napoleon then made his brother Joseph King of Spain. By then, there were , French troops garrisoned in the peninsula [ ] [ ] and widespread Spanish opposition to the occupation and the overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons. On 2 May, an uprising against the French broke out in Madrid and spread throughout Spain in the following weeks. In the face of brutal French repression, the uprising developed into a sustained conflict.

Under the Convention of Cintra , the French evacuated Portugal. Before leaving for Spain, he attempted to strengthen the alliance with Russia and obtain a commitment from Alexander that Russia would declare war on Austria if she attacked France. At the Congress of Erfurt in October , Napoleon and Alexander reached an agreement that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland and called upon Britain to cease its war against France.

Napoleon bonaparte wikipedia romana

On 6 November, Napoleon was in Vitoria and took command of , French troops. After a series of victories over Anglo-Spanish forces, they retook Madrid on 4 December. Napoleon left for France on 17 January, leaving Joseph in command. Napoleon never returned to Spain after the campaign. British, Portuguese and Spanish regular forces engaged the French in a protracted series of conflicts.

Meanwhile, a brutal guerrilla war engulfed much of the Spanish countryside, a conflict in which atrocities were committed by both sides. Napoleon later called the Peninsular campaign, "the unlucky war [that] ruined me. By , the French had been driven from the peninsula, with over , casualties in the campaign. The overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons caused alarm in Austria over Napoleon's ambitions while France's military difficulties in the Peninsular encouraged Austria to go to war.

The Austrian advance, however, was disorganized and they were unable to defeat the Bavarian army before the French could concentrate their forces. The French occupied Vienna on 13 May but most of the population had fled and the retreating army had destroyed all four bridges across the river. Both sides inflicted about 23, casualties on each other and the French were forced back.

After six weeks of preparations, Napoleon made another attempt at crossing the Danube. In August, a British force landed in Holland but lost 4, men, mainly to illness, before withdrawing in December. Napoleon then turned to Austria, and a marriage to the Austrian Emperor's daughter, Marie Louise, was quickly agreed. The marriage was formalized in a civil ceremony on 1 April and a religious service at the Louvre on the following day.

The marriage to Marie Louise was widely seen as a shift in French policy towards stronger ties with Austria and away from the already strained relationship with Russia. With the annexation of the Papal states May , February , Holland July and the northern coastal regions of Westphalia August , mainland France further increased its territory.

In December , Napoleon annexed the Duchy of Oldenburg which Alexander considered an insult as his uncle was the duke. The Tsar responded by allowing neutral shipping into Russian ports and banning most French imports. Russia feared that Napoleon intended to restore the Kingdom of Poland while Napoleon suspected Russia of seeking an alliance with Britain against France.

In late , Napoleon began planning an invasion of Russia. A Franco-Prussian alliance signed in February forced Prussia to provide 20, troops for the invasion and, in March, Austria agreed to provide 30, men. Napoleon called the invasion the "Second Polish War," but he refused to guarantee an independent Poland for fear of alienating his Austrian and Prussian allies.

On 24 June, Napoleon's troops began crossing the Nieman river into Russian Lithuania with the aim of luring the Russians into one or two decisive battles. The battle resulted in 44, Russian and 35, French dead, wounded or captured, in one of the bloodiest days of battle in Europe up to that time. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians worthy of being invincible".

The following evening, the city was set on fire on the orders of its governor Feodor Rostopchin. Alexander, in St Petersburg , refused to negotiate a peace, and after six weeks Napoleon's army evacuated Moscow. After capturing Maloyaroslavets with the loss of 4, to 10, men, Napoleon retreated towards Smolensk. The French were attacked by Cossacks and peasants and suffered from the intense cold, disease and lack of food and water.

Around 40, to 50, troops reached Smolensk on 9 November, a loss of about 60, in three weeks. Napoleon also heard that an attempted coup by General Malet in Paris had only narrowly failed. From Smolensk, Napoleon's army headed for Vilnius, where there was a French garrison of 20, On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left his disintegrating army for Paris.

Russian military losses in the campaign were up to , and total military deaths from both sides were up to one million. The French, pursued by the Russians, withdrew from most of Poland and Prussia over the winter of —13 while both sides rebuilt their forces. The coalition, however, had a growing advantage in infantry, cavalry, reserves and armaments.

In the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, the coalition was victorious at Leipzig in October. Although coalition casualties were 54, men, the French lost 38, killed or wounded and 15, taken prisoner. Up to 50, more were lost to death, illness and desertion during the French retreat to the Rhine. The Frankfurt proposals were peace terms offered by the coalition in November under which Napoleon would remain emperor, but France would be reduced to its "natural frontiers.

Napoleon did not accept the terms and the allies crossed the Rhine into French territory on 1 January In north-eastern France, Napoleon led about 70, troops against a coalition army of , Napoleon, however, decided to fight on. After a series of battles in March, the allies forced Napoleon to retreat at the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 20—21 March.

The coalition then moved towards Paris, whose defence was under the command of Joseph Bonaparte. With an army of only 38, to defend the capital, Joseph authorized the French marshal Auguste de Marmont to capitulate on 31 March. On 2 April, the Senate deposed Napoleon. Meanwhile, Napoleon was in Fontainebleau with an army of 40, to 60, He contemplated a march on Paris but, on 4 April, his senior commanders persuaded him to abdicate in favour of his son, with Marie Louise as regent.

In his farewell address to the soldiers of the Old Guard on 20 April, Napoleon said:. For twenty years you have accompanied me faithfully on the paths of honor and glory. With men like you, our cause was [not] lost, but the war would have dragged on interminably, and it would have been a civil war. So I am sacrificing our interests to those of our country.

Do not lament my fate; if I have agreed to live on, it is to serve our glory. I wish to write the history of the great deeds we have done together. Farewell, my children! With the Treaty of Fontainebleau of 11 April , the allies exiled Napoleon to Elba , an island of 12, inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 10 km 6 mi off the Tuscan coast, where they made him sovereign.

The following night, Napoleon attempted suicide with poison he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled, while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba, he drew up plans for administrative reforms, road and building works, and improvements to the island's mines and agriculture, but results were limited by lack of funds.

Realizing that his wife and son would not be joining him in exile, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba in the brig Inconstant on 26 February with about 1, men and a flotilla of seven vessels.

Napoleon approached the battalion alone and called to them, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish! On 13 March, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Napoleon entered Paris that evening. Napoleon appointed a government and introduced constitutional changes which were approved by plebiscite in May. A Chamber of Representatives was also indirectly elected that month on a highly restrictive property franchise.

The coalition forces broke through Napoleon's lines, inflicting a devastating defeat. Napoleon returned to Paris and found that the legislature had turned against him. Realizing that his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. When Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to Rochefort, Charente-Maritime , considering an escape to the United States.

Napoleon was held in British custody and transferred to the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, 1, km 1, nmi from the west coast of Africa. The prisoner was guarded by a garrison of 2, soldiers while a squadron of 10 ships continuously patrolled the waters to prevent escape. Napoleon stayed for two months at a pavilion in Briars before he was moved to Longwood House , a room wooden bungalow.

The location and interior of the house were damp, windswept, rat-infested and unhealthy. Napoleon often complained of his living conditions in letters to the island's governor, Hudson Lowe , [ ] while his attendants complained of "colds, catarrhs , damp floors and poor provisions". Napoleon insisted on imperial formality. When he held a dinner party, men were expected to wear military dress and "women [appeared] in evening gowns and gems.

It was an explicit denial of the circumstances of his captivity". Napoleon also circulated reports of poor treatment in the hope that public opinion would force the allies to revoke his exile on Saint Helena. In mid, Napoleon's health worsened. His physician, Barry O'Meara , diagnosed chronic hepatitis and warned Lowe that he could die from the poor climate and lack of exercise.

Lowe thought O'Meara was exaggerating and dismissed him in July In November , the allies announced that Napoleon would remain a prisoner on Saint Helena for life. When he learnt the news, he became depressed and more isolated, spending longer periods in his rooms which further undermined his health. Napoleon's health continued to worsen, and in March he was confined to bed.

In April he wrote two wills declaring that he had been murdered by the British, that the Bourbons would fall and that his son would rule France. He left his fortune to 97 legatees and asked to be buried by the Seine. On 3 May he was given the last rites but could not take communion due to his illness. Antommarchi and the British wrote separate autopsy reports, each concluding that Napoleon had died of internal bleeding caused by stomach cancer , the disease that had killed his father.

Arsenic was widely used in medicines and products such as hair creams in the 19th century. Napoleon was buried with military honours in the Valley of the Geraniums. Napoleon's penis was allegedly removed during the autopsy and sold and exhibited. Napoleon's body was exhumed and found to be well preserved as it had been sealed in four coffins two of metal and two of mahogany and placed in a masonry tomb.

Napoleon was baptized in Ajaccio on 21 July , and raised a Roman Catholic. He began to question his faith at age 13 while at Brienne. He consistently expressed his belief in a God or creator. He understood the power of organized religion in social and political affairs, and later sought to use it to support his regime. This marriage was annulled by tribunals under Napoleon's control in January Napoleon was excommunicated by the pope through the bull Quum memoranda in Napoleon read the Koran in translation and had an interest in Islam and the Orient.

The agreement recognized the Catholic Church as the majority church of France and in return the Church recognized Napoleon's regime, undercutting much of the ground from royalists. The Concordat confirmed the seizure of Church lands and endowments during the revolution, but reintroduced state salaries for the clergy. The government also controlled the nomination of bishops for investiture by the pope.

Napoleon a protestat elocvent: "Fac apel la istorie! Napoleon a mostenit din perioada timpurie postrevolutionara un anume stil de lupta — ofensiv, mobil, necrutator, stil cu care si-a invins oponentii. A perfectat acest stil de lupta prin modul sau charismatic de a conduce si prin inteligenta sa tactica. Wellington echivala prezenta lui Napoleon pe campul de lupta cu un plus de 40 de oameni.

Napoleon era gata sa se inspire din toate manifestarile de devotament si curaj pe care le intalnea. In schimb, ei conduceau oamenii pe front si mureau pentru el. Nu si-a sistematizat niciodata tacticile folosite. Realizarile sale nu sunt deloc putine. A reformat sistemul fiscal, a creat Banca Frantei si a repus pe picioare finantele Frantei.

A intocmit un cod civil, care s-a dovedit ca a rezistat trecerii timpului. A reformat sistemul dreptului penal si administratia locala a infiintat prefecturile. A intarit sistemul de educatie superioara. A normalizat relatiile intre Biserica si stat, a revigorat agricultura franceza, a construit drumuri, canale si porturi. Directoratul a discutat despre abandonarea lui Bonaparte, dar era prea slab pentru a-l pedepsi.

Austriecii aveau aproximativ Pe 25 septembrie, Pentru doar 2. Napoleon a invadat Prusia cu La 17 octombrie , Ea a implicat aproximativ La 18 august, Napoleon a capturat Smolensk cu pierderea a 9. Aproximativ La 2 aprilie, Senatul l-a detronat pe Napoleon. La 7 martie, Regimentul 5 l-a interceptat chiar la sud de Grenoble. La 13 martie, puterile de la Congresul de la Viena l-au declarat pe Napoleon proscris.

La 12 iunie, Napoleon a condus aproximativ Harold T. Napoleon a participat activ la sesiunile Consiliului de Stat care au revizuit proiectele. Unelte Unelte. Wikimedia Commons Wikicitat Element Wikidata. Internet Movie Database. Articol principal: Asediul Toulonului. Prima campanie din Italia. Bonaparte devine Napoleon I. Great Britain: HarperCollins.

ISBN Napoleon: a Biography. London: Jonathan Cape. Volume 1, Soldier of destiny, WorldCat. Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power